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dubdobdeeP24:
i: "an electrostatic concept of resistance" (following sentences expand on this concept)
ii: "one must conceive the battery on a more hydrodynamic model. Resistance must become like the frictional resistance to the flow of water in pipes. The assimilation of Ohm's law required a noncumulative change..."
P25:
i: "it then also broke radically with tradition. Ultimately that break spread through and caused the reconstruction..."
ii: "conceived as a collection of many tiny molecules, moving rapidly about within a container, and colliding frequently" (following sentences expand on this concept)
iii: "he mentally subdivided that energy into little cells or elements of size e... distributing the molecules at random among these cells... the last cell (energy E)... the first cell (energy 0)..."
P26
i: "To analyze that situation, P imagined a container or cavity filled with radiation, that is, with light, heat, radio waves, and so on. In addition, he supposed that the cavity contained a lot of what he called 'resonators' (think of them as tiny electrical tuning forks, each sensitive to radiation at one frequency, not at others)."
ii: "Roughly speaking, he used probability theory to find the proportion of resonators that fell in each of the various cells"
iii: "cell size e"
iv: "an infinity of satisfactory values"
P26-27:
(para that goes over page expands on a model, or perhaps a 'collision' or 'negotiation' of different models)
P27: i: "all the standard laws of classical physics"
ii: "The resonators could not be permitted to lie anywhere on the continuous energy line but only at the divisions between cells... When a resonator changed energy it did not do so continuously but by discontinuous jumps of size e or a multiple of e"
iii: "P's argument was both radically different and very much the same"
iv: "Physically, the entities to which the derivation refers are very different"
v: "The element e has gone from a mental division of the total energy to a separable physical energy atom"
P27-28:
i: "Figure 6 tries to capture that change in a way that suggests its resemblance to the inside-out battery of my last example"
P28:
i: "the transformation, difficult to see"
ii: "Already the resonator has been tranformed from a familiar sort of entity governed by standard classical laws to a strange creature the very existence of which is incompatible with traditional ways of doing physics" (rest of par switches to a meta-discussion of the sociology and history of similar changes in "the field")
iii: "changes in the way in which terms like 'motion' attached to nature"
iv: "highlights those features... that the revolution had made prominent"
v: "discontinuity had come to stay"
vi: "element" --- "energy 'quantum'"
vii: "Also in 1909 P abandoned the acoustic analogy" (following sentences expand on change
of analogy -- "resonators" to "oscillators" and why)
viii: "For those who believed that energy changes discontinuously, 'resonator' was not an appropriate term."
P28-29:
i: "Revolutionary changes are somehow holistic. They cannot, that is, be made piecemeal, one step at a time, and they thus contrast with normal or cumulative changes..."
i: "an electrostatic concept of resistance" (following sentences expand on this concept)
ii: "one must conceive the battery on a more hydrodynamic model. Resistance must become like the frictional resistance to the flow of water in pipes. The assimilation of Ohm's law required a noncumulative change..."
P25:
i: "it then also broke radically with tradition. Ultimately that break spread through and caused the reconstruction..."
ii: "conceived as a collection of many tiny molecules, moving rapidly about within a container, and colliding frequently" (following sentences expand on this concept)
iii: "he mentally subdivided that energy into little cells or elements of size e... distributing the molecules at random among these cells... the last cell (energy E)... the first cell (energy 0)..."
P26
i: "To analyze that situation, P imagined a container or cavity filled with radiation, that is, with light, heat, radio waves, and so on. In addition, he supposed that the cavity contained a lot of what he called 'resonators' (think of them as tiny electrical tuning forks, each sensitive to radiation at one frequency, not at others)."
ii: "Roughly speaking, he used probability theory to find the proportion of resonators that fell in each of the various cells"
iii: "cell size e"
iv: "an infinity of satisfactory values"
P26-27:
(para that goes over page expands on a model, or perhaps a 'collision' or 'negotiation' of different models)
P27: i: "all the standard laws of classical physics"
ii: "The resonators could not be permitted to lie anywhere on the continuous energy line but only at the divisions between cells... When a resonator changed energy it did not do so continuously but by discontinuous jumps of size e or a multiple of e"
iii: "P's argument was both radically different and very much the same"
iv: "Physically, the entities to which the derivation refers are very different"
v: "The element e has gone from a mental division of the total energy to a separable physical energy atom"
P27-28:
i: "Figure 6 tries to capture that change in a way that suggests its resemblance to the inside-out battery of my last example"
P28:
i: "the transformation, difficult to see"
ii: "Already the resonator has been tranformed from a familiar sort of entity governed by standard classical laws to a strange creature the very existence of which is incompatible with traditional ways of doing physics" (rest of par switches to a meta-discussion of the sociology and history of similar changes in "the field")
iii: "changes in the way in which terms like 'motion' attached to nature"
iv: "highlights those features... that the revolution had made prominent"
v: "discontinuity had come to stay"
vi: "element" --- "energy 'quantum'"
vii: "Also in 1909 P abandoned the acoustic analogy" (following sentences expand on change
of analogy -- "resonators" to "oscillators" and why)
viii: "For those who believed that energy changes discontinuously, 'resonator' was not an appropriate term."
P28-29:
i: "Revolutionary changes are somehow holistic. They cannot, that is, be made piecemeal, one step at a time, and they thus contrast with normal or cumulative changes..."
